Describe the political organization of the Maasai during the pre-colonial period

Describe the political organization of the Maasai during the pre-colonial period. (12 marks)

  1. The Maasai were organized into clans. Each clan had it’s name and brand of cattle to identify it.
  2. Each clan was ruled by a council of elders comprised of retired warriors.
  3. The elders were chosen based on age, status and military record.
  4. The Maasai had 4 stages in life each with authority i.e.
  5. boyhood (ilaiyak) who cared for the family and livestock until they were circumcised at age of 15.
  6. Warrior-hood (Ilmuran) of ages 18 to 25 years. They defended the community and conducted raids.
  7. Junior – elders – this group was allowed to own livestock. They were concerned with day today issues of the community.
  8. Senior-elders – who acted as religious leaders and handled judicial and political issues.
  9. In the 19th century the Masaai  adopted the institution of Oloiboni. He performed socio-religious functions.

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